Sarah Ann Wheeler, University of Adelaide and Claudia Ringler, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Access to safe, clean water is a basic human right. But water scarcity or barriers to access can cause conflict within and between countries. Fights over water can be expected to intensify as the world warms, evaporation increases and rainfall becomes less predictable. So we’ll need to work even harder to resolve disputes and share this precious resource. Earlier this year, for the first time in almost half a century, the United Nations held a conference squarely focused on water. Thousands of water experts gathered in New York for three days in March, to chart a way forward. We were among the delegates. Since then, we have discussed and debated ideas that surfaced at this international meeting. Some were worthwhile, but others were wrong. In particular, we challenge the concept of a global “social cost of water”. What is a global social cost of water?One of the big ideas that came up at the conference was the need for a “new economics of water as a common good”, which includes the “social cost of water”. Elaborating on his idea in the journal Nature, Swedish scientist Johan Rockström and colleagues wrote:
The social cost of carbon is an estimate, in dollars, of the economic damages that would result from emitting one additional tonne of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It’s a decision-making tool used by governments, especially in the United States, for cost-benefit analysis of climate policy. The social cost of water concept proposes valuing all types of water, including water vapour in the atmosphere that later falls as rain. This means attempting to put a dollar value on moisture flowing across borders, and implicitly creating world water markets. According to this logic, if most of Nigeria’s rain comes from forests in central Africa, then Nigeria should be prepared to pay central African nations to maintain the source of this moisture generation. But we believe the concept of a global social cost of water is fundamentally flawed, as we explained in our correspondence in Nature in May, alongside others who also questioned its logic and purpose. Further correspondence in June also described calls to govern water on a global scale as “unrealistic” and distracting from sustainable and equitable access. It’s unclear how a global social cost of water would work in practice. Writing as economists who have studied local water markets for decades, we see many problems with the concept, such as:
Australia has the most sophisticated water markets in the world, in the Murray-Darling Basin. But even here there are considerable differences in how markets work. Water values and costs are also very different. In December, 2022, the swollen Murray River flooded homes in South Australia. The floodwater reached the second floor of Darren Davey’s shack at Scott’s Creek, Morgan. MATT TURNER, AAP Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin: a case in pointThe value of water in the Basin consists of benefits and costs. Some benefits include:
Costs include harm to mental health associated with a lack of water during drought. At the other extreme, there’s the cost of too much water causing floods, property damage and loss of life, or salinity harming viticulture in the Riverland. This shows the social value of water is incredibly difficult to measure even within one area such as the Basin, let alone trying to enforce a global water market. What should instead happen next?We think the best way to address the water crisis is to focus on local management and institutions, plan carefully and implement a wide range of policies. These include:
This is a big task. Misdirection down blind alleys is a distraction that the world cannot afford. Sarah Ann Wheeler, Professor in Water Economics, University of Adelaide and Claudia Ringler, Deputy Director, Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. |